Energy Eventos em Germany
Hydrogen + Fuel Cells EUROPE
Hydrogen + Fuel Cells EUROPE: A Human Perspective on Innovation, Community, and Clean Energy
The transformation of the global energy landscape is no longer a distant vision it is happening right now. Among the events shaping this transition, Hydrogen + Fuel Cells EUROPE stands out as a uniquely influential platform that brings together innovators, researchers, business leaders, and energy enthusiasts. Taking place at the Hannover Exhibition Centre, the fair has evolved from its earlier identity, "Hydrogen Fuel Cells Batteries," into a flagship European gathering dedicated to hydrogen technologies, fuel cells, and stationary battery solutions. What makes the exhibition so important is not only its impressive scale more than 150 exhibitors from 25 countries but also its ability to foster collaboration within a rapidly growing industry.
With an exhibition space of around 5,000 m² and its strategic location within the broader energy sector of Hannover Messe, the event acts as a magnet for professionals eager to witness the future of renewable energy storage. Whether the conversation focuses on hydrogen production, commercial mobility, or long-term energy storage, the fair provides a rare blend of practical demonstration, technical knowledge, and human-centered networking experiences.
A Marketplace for Ideas and Technology in Renewable Energy Storage
At its core, Hydrogen + Fuel Cells EUROPE is a space where the concept of storing renewable energy is transformed into something tangible. The shared booth dedicated to demonstrating energy storage either through hydrogen generation or in stationary batteries—illustrates how closely linked these technologies are. Instead of separating topics into isolated booths, the exhibition highlights their synergy, helping visitors understand how hydrogen can complement batteries in building a stable, decarbonized energy system.
Professionals attending the event often comment on the collaborative spirit that defines the fair. Rather than competing for attention, exhibitors actively seek out partnerships, discuss joint ventures, and explore new ideas. This is particularly valuable in an industry where innovation moves fast and meaningful cooperation can determine how soon emerging technologies reach the market. Enhanced interaction is one of the reasons the trade fair continues to expand its influence across Europe.
Interactive Experiences That Bring Hydrogen Technology to Life
A defining feature of this event is its strong emphasis on hands-on experiences. For many attendees, the first truly memorable moment comes when they step outside to the track located next to the hall, where hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are available for test-driving. The chance to sit behind the wheel, hear the quiet hum of the motor, and feel how smoothly the car accelerates provides a level of understanding that no presentation can fully convey.
These practical demonstrations underscore a crucial message: hydrogen mobility is not merely an experiment or a prototype it is a functioning, scalable solution with real-world potential. The exhibition brings this message to life in a direct and exciting way.
To further deepen the educational experience, the fair hosts two internal forums one public and one technical. Both are rich sources of insight, offering moderated interviews, expert discussions, and lectures delivered by industry leaders. These sessions are also available via live stream, allowing users beyond the exhibition hall to benefit from the knowledge being shared.
Topics Frequently Explored in the Forums
The role of hydrogen in balancing fluctuating renewable energy sources
Advances in fuel cell design and materials
Commercial and industrial applications of stationary batteries
The forums are not positioned as academic lectures but as accessible, engaging conversations that appeal to a broad audience technical experts, policymakers, and curious visitors alike.
Networking and Professional Growth in the Energy Industry
One of the often-overlooked strengths of Hydrogen + Fuel Cells EUROPE is its ability to create meaningful business connections. The energy transition is a collective effort, and the event enables stakeholders to meet face-to-face, exchange knowledge, and establish partnerships that may later shape entire sectors.
Here are just a few reasons companies and professionals prioritize attending the fair each year:
Opportunities for direct dialogue with international technology developers
Exposure to cutting-edge solutions in hydrogen production and storage
Access to diverse insights from the entire energy ecosystem
These advantages have helped the fair evolve from a specialized gathering into a central European hub for clean-energy innovation. It is not just a place to showcase technology but a space where the future of sustainable energy infrastructure is actively negotiated.
Why Hydrogen + Fuel Cells EUROPE Matters for the Future
As Europe continues its pursuit of climate neutrality, events like Hydrogen + Fuel Cells EUROPE become indispensable. They accelerate the adoption of clean technologies, inspire collaboration, and demonstrate practical steps toward decarbonization. The fair serves as a reminder that innovation is not only about engineering breakthroughs it is also about community, shared knowledge, and the determination to build something better.
With its international reach, interactive format, and focus on real-world applications, the exhibition helps bridge the gap between visionary ideas and commercially viable solutions. Whether visitors come to discover new trends, test emerging technologies, or form partnerships, they leave with a deeper understanding of what the future of energy can look like.
Green World Tour
The Green World Tour Expo in Cologne has rapidly become one of Europe’s foremost events dedicated to sustainability, offering a comprehensive platform for individuals, businesses, and innovators to explore eco-friendly solutions. Organized annually by Autarkia GmbH, the expo is centrally located in Cologne, at the intersection of Blaubach and Tel-Aviv Street. Its accessible urban setting, combined with a focus on practical, actionable solutions, makes the event both inviting and impactful for visitors of all ages and backgrounds.
Since its inception, the Green World Tour Expo has aimed to bridge the gap between sustainability knowledge and practical implementation. Rather than being purely educational or commercial, the event blends both dimensions, allowing attendees to engage with innovative technologies, explore sustainable products, and discover strategies for integrating eco-conscious practices into everyday life. The expo reflects the increasing societal demand for solutions that are both environmentally responsible and economically viable.
Showcasing Innovation in Sustainability
At the heart of the Green World Tour Expo is a wide range of exhibits highlighting the latest advancements in sustainability. Visitors can explore diverse sectors, gaining insight into both current innovations and emerging trends. From renewable energy systems and sustainable construction materials to eco-friendly transportation and energy-efficient home solutions, the expo presents an integrated view of how sustainability can be applied across all aspects of daily life and business operations.
Key areas of focus include:
Renewable energy technologies, including solar, wind, and hybrid solutions
Sustainable building materials and energy-efficient home improvements
Eco-friendly mobility, including electric vehicles, bicycles, and public transportation innovations
Water and waste management solutions for households and industry
These exhibits do more than showcase products; they offer practical guidance for reducing carbon footprints, lowering energy costs, and implementing green practices at both professional and personal levels. Attendees leave with concrete ideas and tools that can be applied immediately.
Expert Lectures and Knowledge Exchange
A defining feature of the Green World Tour Expo is its comprehensive lecture program. Experts from academia, industry, and civil society provide insights into the latest technological developments, emerging trends, and ongoing debates surrounding sustainability. Topics range from energy efficiency strategies and smart building technologies to sustainable supply chains and corporate social responsibility.
Lecture highlights typically include:
Strategies for integrating renewable energy into residential and commercial settings
Innovations in sustainable urban mobility and low-emission transportation
Practical approaches to resource conservation and circular economy models
Policy updates and societal trends affecting sustainable practices
These presentations aim to inform, inspire, and equip visitors with actionable knowledge. By combining technical depth with practical advice, the sessions help attendees understand not only what technologies are available, but also how they can be implemented effectively.
Family-Friendly Engagement and Interactive Experiences
Recognizing that sustainability is a concern for all generations, the expo places special emphasis on family participation. A dedicated children’s program provides interactive experiences that introduce young visitors to environmental concepts in a fun and engaging manner. Activities include hands-on workshops, educational games, and demonstrations designed to spark curiosity and foster early awareness of ecological issues.
For families, this feature transforms the event into a shared experience, where parents and children can learn together, explore innovations, and participate in discussions about sustainable choices. By combining education with entertainment, the expo makes the principles of sustainability accessible and inspiring for the youngest attendees.
Cologne as a Vibrant Backdrop for Sustainability
The expo’s location in the lively center of Cologne enhances the overall visitor experience. Surrounded by cafés, cultural venues, and shops, the event encourages attendees to combine learning with exploration of the city. The urban setting also reflects the expo’s broader mission: demonstrating that sustainability can be integrated seamlessly into daily life, urban planning, and consumer habits.
Visitors often complement their visit with local experiences, exploring sustainable dining options, urban green initiatives, or nearby cultural highlights. This combination reinforces the idea that sustainability is not a separate concept, but a lens through which everyday choices can be approached.
Promoting Practical and Accessible Sustainability
Through the Green World Tour Expo, Autarkia GmbH emphasizes that sustainable choices are not only beneficial for the environment but can also bring tangible advantages to individuals and businesses. The event demonstrates that adopting eco-friendly practices can lead to cost savings, improved efficiency, and enhanced quality of life. By providing concrete examples, product demonstrations, and expert guidance, the expo empowers visitors to implement meaningful changes in their homes, workplaces, and communities.
The Green World Tour Expo also facilitates networking and knowledge exchange among companies, innovators, and civil society organizations. By connecting stakeholders from diverse sectors, the event encourages collaboration, partnership development, and the spread of best practices. This holistic approach helps position the expo as a central hub for advancing sustainability both locally and regionally.
In essence, the Green World Tour Expo is more than an exhibition. It is a dynamic, multi-dimensional event that combines education, innovation, and community engagement. From its expert lectures and technological showcases to family-friendly activities and practical demonstrations, it embodies a vision of sustainability that is inclusive, actionable, and inspiring. By fostering awareness and providing practical tools, the expo continues to contribute to a future where environmentally conscious choices are both attainable and rewarding for everyone.
Energy Storage Germany
Energy Storage Germany: Pioneering the Future of Energy Storage and Market Innovation
Energy Storage Germany stands out as one of Europe’s foremost trade fairs and conferences dedicated to energy storage solutions. Organized annually by Informa Markets, this event brings together innovators, policymakers, and industry leaders at Messe Stuttgart, one of the continent’s most modern and accessible exhibition centers. By offering an integrated platform for networking, knowledge exchange, and technology demonstrations, Energy Storage Germany has become a cornerstone for anyone involved in shaping the future of energy storage and management.
The fair’s importance extends beyond the exhibition halls. Germany’s energy market is undergoing rapid transformation, driven by ambitious renewable energy targets, grid modernization, and regulatory reforms. Energy Storage Germany addresses these challenges by bringing together experts from across the industry to discuss the latest trends, regulatory developments, and business opportunities. Attendees gain insights into how energy storage solutions from batteries to hydrogen technologies are being implemented to stabilize the grid and create new revenue models for operators and investors.
Comprehensive Coverage Across the Energy Storage Value Chain
Energy Storage Germany provides a holistic overview of the energy storage sector, covering the entire value chain and highlighting how integrated solutions can address modern energy challenges. The event showcases:
Battery storage systems for residential, commercial, and industrial applications
Hydrogen storage technologies and fuel cell integration
Smart grid and decentralized energy solutions
Energy management and optimization platforms
This comprehensive approach enables participants to gain a complete understanding of how different technologies interact within the energy ecosystem. With Germany’s regulatory framework playing a pivotal role in shaping the market, the fair dedicates significant attention to planned incentives such as the 2028 capacity market. These discussions provide valuable guidance on emerging business models, trading strategies, and revenue potential, making the event particularly relevant for investors, developers, and operators seeking practical market insights.
Showcasing Innovation and Technological Advancements
Energy Storage Germany not only serves as a hub for market discussions but also as a showcase for cutting-edge technology. Companies from across the industry present their latest advancements in battery systems, hydrogen storage, grid stabilization, and energy management. Attendees can explore innovations such as modular battery solutions, hybrid storage systems, and integrated renewable energy projects, all of which reflect the sector’s ongoing evolution toward smarter, more sustainable energy solutions.
The fair also emphasizes the application of storage solutions in real-world scenarios. From large-scale industrial deployments to decentralized residential installations, visitors can see firsthand how emerging technologies are being implemented to optimize energy efficiency, reduce operational costs, and enhance grid reliability. This practical focus ensures that Energy Storage Germany provides more than theoretical knowledge it equips participants with actionable insights to guide investment and project decisions.
Networking, Collaboration, and Market Intelligence
A significant advantage of attending Energy Storage Germany is the unparalleled networking opportunities it offers. Representatives from the energy sector, finance, manufacturing, research institutions, and regulatory bodies gather in one place to share knowledge, discuss collaborative projects, and form strategic partnerships. Through workshops, panel discussions, and conference sessions, participants engage in in-depth dialogue on market trends, technological developments, and regulatory challenges.
Key areas for collaboration and discussion include:
Optimization of energy trading and revenue strategies
Development of decentralized and hybrid energy storage solutions
Hydrogen integration and fuel cell applications
Strategies for overcoming technical and regulatory barriers
These interactions foster an environment where innovative ideas can transition into market-ready solutions, helping the energy sector to evolve efficiently and sustainably.
The Role of Energy Storage Germany in the European Energy Transition
Energy Storage Germany is more than an exhibition it is a reflection of the ongoing transformation of Europe’s energy landscape. With the shift toward renewable energy, the integration of flexible storage solutions is becoming increasingly essential. The fair acts as a bridge between technology developers, operators, investors, and policymakers, creating a cohesive platform where challenges and opportunities can be addressed collaboratively.
Attendees leave equipped with a detailed understanding of the sector’s current state and emerging trends. They gain knowledge on optimizing project development, maximizing revenue from storage assets, and implementing regulatory strategies effectively. By fostering connections and promoting innovation, Energy Storage Germany plays a vital role in accelerating the adoption of energy storage solutions across Europe and beyond.
In conclusion, Energy Storage Germany provides an invaluable platform for professionals committed to the energy transition. By combining exhibitions of cutting-edge technology, insights into regulatory and market trends, and opportunities for high-level collaboration, the event helps shape the future of energy storage and sustainable power systems. For anyone involved in energy innovation, from investors to technical experts, Energy Storage Germany represents a unique opportunity to connect, learn, and contribute to Europe’s evolving energy landscape.
The Battery Show Europe
The Battery Show Europe: Europe’s Premier Platform for Battery Innovation and Sustainability
The Battery Show Europe has firmly established itself as one of the most influential trade fairs for battery technologies on the continent and a key global platform for innovation in energy storage and e-mobility. Each year, this event brings together engineers, technical directors, executives, and buyers from around the world to explore trends, share expertise, and engage in discussions that shape the future of the industry. Commissioned by Informa PLC, a globally recognized organizer of trade fairs and events, the exhibition provides an unmatched venue for exchanging knowledge and fostering international collaboration.
The annual event is held at Messe Stuttgart, transforming the venue into the central hub for Europe’s battery community. Attendees can expect not only a showcase of cutting-edge technologies but also an environment that encourages dialogue about sustainable energy solutions, industrial challenges, and market opportunities.
Comprehensive Coverage of the Battery Industry
The Battery Show Europe spans the entire battery value chain, offering insights into every aspect of production, management, and recycling. This holistic approach allows visitors to understand how innovations in battery technology are impacting industries from automotive to renewable energy. Key focus areas include:
Advanced cell chemistries and materials
Solid-state battery technologies
Recycling processes and circular economy solutions
Localization of European supply chains
Regulatory and compliance frameworks
The exhibition also highlights connected topics such as energy storage systems, production automation, and market trends in electromobility. By combining technological innovation with economic relevance, the event ensures participants gain a comprehensive view of the current and future landscape of Europe’s battery industry.
Exhibitors and Solutions Across the Value Chain
A distinguishing feature of The Battery Show Europe is its wide-ranging exhibitor spectrum. Companies represented at the event cover all segments of the battery ecosystem:
Cell and component manufacturers – showcasing cutting-edge battery chemistries and materials
Energy storage and system integrators – presenting solutions for residential, commercial, and industrial applications
Charging infrastructure providers – highlighting innovations in public and private charging networks
Recycling and sustainability-focused enterprises – offering solutions to close the battery lifecycle loop
Machinery and automation suppliers – demonstrating production and assembly technologies
This diversity enables attendees to explore every stage of the battery production and deployment process, from raw material sourcing to recycling and system integration. It also fosters collaborations between manufacturers, suppliers, and end-users.
Conference Program: Knowledge and Expertise in Action
Complementing the exhibition is a high-caliber conference program designed to provide attendees with insights from leading experts. Under the theme “Driving Sustainability, Resilience, and Innovation in Europe’s Battery Industry”, more than 90 speakers deliver in-depth perspectives on topics including:
Research advancements and emerging battery technologies
Production methods and process optimization
Market dynamics and economic trends in energy storage and e-mobility
Regulatory frameworks and policy developments affecting battery deployment
The program includes keynotes, technical sessions, and panel discussions, offering participants the opportunity to deepen their knowledge, ask questions, and engage with thought leaders. This combination of exhibition and conference content ensures that professionals can connect both practically and strategically with the evolving industry.
Why Attend The Battery Show Europe
Attending The Battery Show Europe provides tangible benefits for industry professionals seeking to stay ahead in a rapidly developing sector:
Innovation insight: Explore the latest technological breakthroughs and research developments.
Strategic networking: Meet decision-makers, technical directors, and potential partners from across Europe and beyond.
Market intelligence: Gain a deeper understanding of regulatory trends, supply chain localization, and business models.
Sustainability focus: Discover solutions that support the transition to a greener, circular economy in energy storage.
Whether you are an engineer, researcher, investor, or executive, the event offers a comprehensive platform to learn, collaborate, and influence the future of Europe’s battery ecosystem.
In summary, The Battery Show Europe is more than just an exhibition it is a strategic hub where technological innovation, market trends, and sustainability converge. By combining a wide-ranging exhibition with an expert-led conference, the event provides a unique opportunity for professionals to stay informed, forge partnerships, and contribute to the ongoing evolution of the battery and e-mobility sectors in Europe.
The Smarter E Europe
The Smarter E Europe: Shaping the Future of the Energy Industry
The Smarter E Europe, held annually at Messe München in Munich, Germany, is more than just a tradeshow—it is Europe’s largest alliance of energy exhibitions, acting as a comprehensive platform that unites energy production, storage, distribution, and usage under one dynamic roof. With over 1,450 international exhibitors and around 50,000 visitors, the event has evolved into a vital meeting point for electrical engineers, technology providers, energy experts, and policy influencers from across the globe.
Organized by Solar Promotion GmbH, this renowned energy summit brings together a diverse audience focused on discovering sustainable energy solutions, sharing knowledge, and building the collaborative networks essential for Europe’s energy transition. The Smarter E Europe offers participants an unmatched opportunity to immerse themselves in the latest trends, cutting-edge innovations, and high-level discussions that define the future of clean energy.
A Multi-Event Platform with Diverse Focus Areas
One of the most distinctive aspects of The Smarter E Europe is its multi-exhibition format. It encompasses several specialized energy events hosted under one umbrella:
Intersolar Europe – Dedicated to photovoltaics and solar thermal technologies.
ees Europe – Focused on innovative energy storage systems.
Power2Drive Europe – Spotlighting e-mobility and charging infrastructure.
EM-Power Europe – Concentrating on energy management and grid solutions.
This structure ensures that attendees can explore every facet of the modern energy system—from renewable generation to smart grid technologies, from e-mobility to AI-powered energy management.
Emerging Trends and Future-Focused Themes
As Europe rapidly moves toward a decentralized, digital, and decarbonized energy system, The Smarter E Europe serves as a stage for showcasing emerging technologies and transformative ideas. The event features in-depth conversations around several groundbreaking trends:
Energy Communities
Citizens, companies, and municipalities increasingly join forces to generate and consume energy locally. Smarter E highlights how these communities can accelerate energy independence and democratize energy access.
Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading
Digital platforms now allow consumers to buy and sell renewable energy directly. This trend promotes efficiency and transparency in local energy markets.
Bidirectional Charging
Vehicles are no longer just consumers but also potential providers of power. V2G (vehicle-to-grid) technologies are a hot topic, offering new ways to stabilize grids using electric vehicles.
AI in Energy Management
Artificial intelligence and machine learning play an increasing role in optimizing consumption patterns, forecasting demand, and reducing energy waste.
Each of these areas is covered through keynote speeches, panel discussions, live demos, and expert-led technical sessions that go far beyond theory—focusing instead on real-world implementation and results.
Voices from the Industry: Real Insights, Real Impact
The event hosts an impressive lineup of global industry leaders and innovators. For instance, Rudy Wodrich of Siemens Smart Infrastructure has emphasized the indispensable role of inverters in maintaining grid stability, particularly in systems relying heavily on renewable energy sources.
These discussions not only offer deep technical insights but also encourage collaboration between companies, municipalities, and researchers to solve pressing energy challenges. Whether it's stabilizing high-voltage transmission networks or integrating residential solar-plus-storage systems, these expert insights are critical to understanding what lies ahead.
A Wealth of Resources Beyond the Exhibition Floor
The Smarter E Europe is not just a two-day affair—it extends its reach through year-round digital content and tools that amplify its impact:
The Smarter E Job Portal: A dedicated career platform connecting job seekers with top companies in the energy and cleantech sectors.
Podcasts and Webinars: Available online, covering everything from policy changes to technical deep-dives on inverter systems, battery chemistry, and solar panel optimization.
Expert Whitepapers: Free resources from leading engineers and consultants, offering data-driven insights into project planning and execution.
Virtual Networking Tools: Even those who cannot attend in person can participate through interactive forums and matchmaking services.
These ongoing digital services ensure that learning, networking, and innovation never stop, reinforcing the event’s role as a true hub for the energy community.
Why Participate? Key Benefits for Engineers and Innovators
Attending The Smarter E Europe provides professionals with numerous strategic advantages, including:
For Electrical Engineers and Technical Experts
Access to cutting-edge product demonstrations in areas like energy conversion, smart inverters, and storage integration.
Participation in technical sessions that go deep into software, hardware, and energy system design.
Exposure to research collaborations and pilot projects funded by EU and global partnerships.
For Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs
Opportunities to forge partnerships with suppliers, integrators, and government bodies.
Insights into investment trends and policy shifts that shape business planning.
Visibility into customer behavior and market evolution.
For Policymakers and Researchers
Direct interaction with technology providers to align innovation with regulatory goals.
Case studies demonstrating successful implementation of energy communities and bidirectional charging.
The Pulse of Europe's Energy Future
The Smarter E Europe is not just the largest energy tradeshow in Europe—it is the heartbeat of the continent’s energy transition. By addressing key themes like grid stability, peer-to-peer energy exchange, and energy community empowerment, the event provides a clear vision of where the future is headed.
It’s a space where vision meets execution, where emerging startups meet global giants, and where technical ideas become practical solutions. Whether you're an engineer optimizing inverter efficiency, a policymaker drafting smart grid legislation, or an entrepreneur building the next battery breakthrough—The Smarter E Europe is where you need to be.
Bad Direkt
BAD DIREKT trade fair: a practical hub for the HVAC community
Since its launch in 2016, the BAD DIREKT trade fair has steadily grown into a meaningful and practice-oriented meeting point for professionals in the sanitary, heating, and air-conditioning sector. What makes this event stand out is not just its focus on real-world solutions, but also its approachable and human-centered atmosphere. Instead of becoming an overwhelming large-scale exhibition, it remains a space where conversations feel natural, connections are genuine, and knowledge is shared in a way that feels immediately useful.
The concept of organizing the fair twice a year in different cities across Germany and Austria has proven to be especially thoughtful. It allows specialists from various regions to attend without the burden of long travel, making participation more accessible and less stressful. This decentralized format reflects a deep understanding of the industry’s daily realities, where time and efficiency matter just as much as innovation.
A focused exhibition with real value for professionals
At the core of BAD DIREKT is its carefully curated group of exhibitors. Around 30 companies present their products and services, creating an environment that feels selective rather than crowded. Visitors are not lost in endless halls; instead, they can engage directly with brands and experts who truly understand their needs.
The range of showcased solutions covers both traditional and modern aspects of the HVAC industry. Visitors can explore everything from bathroom fittings and furniture to advanced heating systems and technical components. This balance between aesthetics and functionality is what makes the event especially valuable.
Among the highlights of the exhibition are:
modern bathroom solutions, including fittings, shower enclosures, and bathtubs
innovative heating technologies and energy-efficient systems
technical components such as pipes and chimney systems
integrated solutions that combine design with performance
Beyond static displays, the fair offers live demonstrations where new products are presented in action. These moments often become the most memorable, as they allow visitors to see how innovations actually work in practice rather than just reading about them.
More than a trade fair: learning, networking
One of the defining features of BAD DIREKT is its ability to blend professional development with a relaxed and welcoming environment. The stage program plays a key role in this experience. It combines informative presentations with engaging formats that keep visitors interested without overwhelming them.
Participants often find that the event is not just about discovering new products, but also about exchanging ideas and perspectives. Conversations happen naturally, whether during demonstrations, in between stands, or over a cup of coffee. This creates a sense of community that is sometimes missing in larger industry events.
The fair is particularly relevant for:
installers looking for practical and reliable solutions
bathroom planners searching for inspiration and functional design ideas
architects interested in integrating modern HVAC systems into their projects
trainees aiming to expand their knowledge and understand current trends
real estate professionals exploring efficient and sustainable building technologies
Each group finds something tailored to their needs, which makes the event feel both diverse and highly targeted at the same time.
The after-work experience that builds lasting connections
As the day transitions into evening, BAD DIREKT transforms into a completely different kind of gathering. The formal exhibition atmosphere gives way to a relaxed after-work event, where conversations continue in a more informal setting. Live music, thoughtfully arranged catering areas, and a welcoming ambiance encourage visitors to stay, unwind, and connect on a deeper level.
This part of the event often becomes just as important as the daytime program. Business cards exchanged earlier turn into meaningful discussions, and first impressions evolve into potential collaborations. The informal setting helps break down barriers, allowing people to communicate more openly and authentically.
What makes this transition so effective is its natural flow. There is no abrupt shift, no forced networking just a gradual change in mood that feels comfortable and genuine. For many attendees, this is where the true value of the event reveals itself.
A concept built on understanding the industry
Behind BAD DIREKT stands a clear vision: to create a platform that is relevant, efficient, and human. The organizers have managed to combine expertise in the HVAC market with a strong sense of what professionals actually need from such events. Instead of focusing on scale, they prioritize quality, accessibility, and meaningful interaction.
This approach explains why the fair continues to gain recognition among industry specialists. It offers something that cannot always be found elsewhere a balance between innovation and practicality, between professional growth and personal connection.
In a world where many events aim to impress through size and spectacle, BAD DIREKT quietly proves that a well-designed, thoughtfully executed concept can leave a much stronger and more lasting impression.
Chillventa
Chillventa: The Premier Global Platform for Refrigeration and HVAC Innovation
Chillventa has become a cornerstone in the international HVAC and refrigeration industry. Held biennially every October in Nuremberg, Germany, the trade fair brings together experts, manufacturers, and decision-makers to explore the latest developments in refrigeration technology, air conditioning systems, ventilation, and heat pumps. Since its inception in 2008, Chillventa has consistently provided a comprehensive and professional platform for networking, knowledge exchange, and business growth.
With its focus on practical applications and cutting-edge innovations, the fair is considered an indispensable event for anyone involved in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC-R). Its reputation stems not only from the quality of exhibitors but also from the depth of expertise shared through seminars, workshops, and live demonstrations.
A Comprehensive Showcase of HVAC and Refrigeration Solutions
Chillventa offers attendees an unparalleled view of the industry. Over three days, the exhibition covers a wide spectrum of products and services:
Refrigeration technology: Industrial and commercial cooling systems, temperature-controlled solutions, and sustainable refrigerants
Air conditioning systems: Residential, commercial, and industrial solutions, including energy-efficient and smart technologies
Heat pumps: High-efficiency systems for heating and cooling, supporting sustainable energy use
Ventilation technology: Residential and commercial ventilation, air purification, and indoor climate management
Measurement, control, and automation technologies: Sensors, regulation systems, and digital solutions for optimized performance
Insulation and energy-saving solutions: Materials and designs to improve efficiency and reduce operational costs
The fair is particularly valued for its live demonstrations, enabling professionals to observe system performance, evaluate technical standards, and gain practical insights for real-world applications. This hands-on approach distinguishes Chillventa from other trade fairs in the sector.
Accompanying Programs for Knowledge and Professional Development
Beyond the exhibition floor, Chillventa offers a diverse program of supporting events designed to enhance professional knowledge and encourage networking:
Specialist seminars on current industry trends and regulations
Workshops focusing on practical applications of air-conditioning, heat pumps, and refrigeration systems
Panel discussions addressing sustainability, energy efficiency, and digital transformation in HVAC-R
Training sessions hosted by industry associations, educational institutions, and leading manufacturers
This combination of technical displays and educational content ensures that visitors not only see the latest innovations but also understand how to implement them effectively in their own projects.
An International Hub in the Heart of Europe
Chillventa takes place at the modern Nuremberg Exhibition Center, renowned for its spacious halls, excellent infrastructure, and efficient logistics. The venue’s central location in Europe, along with outstanding transport links, makes it an ideal destination for international visitors. Professionals from across the globe converge at Chillventa, making it a true melting pot of ideas, technologies, and business opportunities.
The fair is organized through a collaborative alliance of industry players, wholesalers, professional associations, and educational institutions, which ensures a strong professional focus and a well-rounded experience for all attendees. This cooperative approach highlights emerging trends, introduces technological innovations, and provides a platform for long-term industry collaboration.
Driving Innovation and Sustainability in HVAC-R
Chillventa plays a critical role in shaping the future of the HVAC-R industry. By showcasing energy-efficient systems, smart solutions, and sustainable technologies, the fair promotes practices that reduce environmental impact while improving operational efficiency. Key areas of emphasis include:
Integration of renewable energy solutions with air-conditioning and refrigeration systems
Use of next-generation refrigerants with lower global warming potential
Smart monitoring and automation for energy optimization
Innovations in heat pump technology supporting green building initiatives
Exhibitors and attendees benefit from an environment that encourages knowledge exchange, strategic partnerships, and industry networking, creating opportunities that extend far beyond the three-day event.
Chillventa as a Benchmark Event
In conclusion, Chillventa is more than a trade fair it is a global hub for innovation, knowledge sharing, and professional development in refrigeration, air conditioning, ventilation, and heat pump technologies. From its expansive exhibition to hands-on demonstrations, seminars, and networking events, Chillventa equips professionals with the expertise, tools, and connections needed to succeed in a rapidly evolving sector. Its central location in Europe, high-quality organization, and strong industry focus ensure that every visitor leaves with valuable insights and actionable strategies for their businesses.
Whether you are an engineer, manufacturer, wholesaler, or building technology specialist, attending Chillventa provides a unique opportunity to explore the modern face of HVAC-R, discover sustainable solutions, and stay ahead in an industry defined by innovation and efficiency.
FUEL & GAS LOGISTICS
FUEL & GAS LOGISTICS: Advancing Energy Transport and Storage
FUEL & GAS LOGISTICS, formerly known as expo PetroTrans, is an international trade fair dedicated to the specialized logistics of energy carriers, lubricants, and technical gases. Held biennially at the Leipzig Fairgrounds in Germany, the event has established itself as a central platform for professionals across the energy and logistics sectors.
Organized by Leipziger Messe GmbH, the fair brings together a diverse range of stakeholders from transportation companies and storage operators to technology providers offering a comprehensive view of the modern energy logistics landscape.
Covering the Entire Energy Logistics Chain
A key strength of FUEL & GAS LOGISTICS is its holistic approach. The exhibition covers every stage of the logistics chain, providing insights and solutions for:
Transportation of energy carriers, including fossil fuels, renewable energy products, and synthetic fuels
Handling and distribution, focusing on efficiency and safety
Storage solutions, from bulk facilities to specialized tanks for technical gases
Trade and supply chain management, highlighting digital tools and innovative processes
This full-spectrum focus allows participants to gain a complete understanding of how energy products move from production to end-users, while also exploring new technologies and regulatory solutions that optimize the sector.
Focus on Innovation and Sustainability
In recent years, the event has expanded its focus beyond traditional fossil fuels to include renewable and synthetic energy sources. Exhibitors showcase cutting-edge solutions that support sustainability and environmental compliance, such as:
Digital monitoring and logistics software
Safety-focused handling technologies
Renewable fuel transportation and storage innovations
Low-emission and energy-efficient solutions for supply chains
By combining traditional energy logistics expertise with forward-looking solutions, FUEL & GAS LOGISTICS reflects the evolving needs of a sector undergoing significant transformation.
Networking and Knowledge Exchange
The fair provides extensive opportunities for professional interaction. Attendees include logistics experts, energy producers, distributors, equipment manufacturers, and service providers. Key networking opportunities include:
Specialized workshops and seminars
Technology demonstrations and hands-on presentations
One-on-one business meetings and matchmaking sessions
Panel discussions on regulatory developments and market trends
These interactions foster collaboration across the industry, enabling participants to identify partners, evaluate technologies, and gain insights into best practices.
Why FUEL & GAS LOGISTICS Matters
For companies operating in energy logistics, FUEL & GAS LOGISTICS is an essential platform to:
Discover the latest innovations in energy transport and storage
Understand emerging trends in renewable and synthetic fuel logistics
Network with industry leaders, suppliers, and potential partners
Gain practical knowledge to enhance operational efficiency and safety
The event’s combination of specialized content, innovative solutions, and international participation ensures that it remains a leading platform for the energy logistics sector.
ITHEC
The ITHEC, known as the International Conference and Exhibition on Thermoplastic Composites, is a globally recognized professional event dedicated to the latest developments in thermoplastic composite materials. This conference and exhibition has become one of the most important platforms where experts, engineers, researchers, and industry leaders gather to explore innovations and share knowledge in this rapidly evolving field. Thermoplastic composites are increasingly important for modern manufacturing because they combine strength, lightweight properties, and recyclability, making them suitable for many advanced industries.
From aerospace engineering to automotive production, these materials are helping companies create lighter, stronger, and more efficient products. Because of this growing importance, the ITHEC conference plays a key role in connecting specialists who work with thermoplastic composites and encouraging collaboration between science, technology, and industry.
The role of ITHEC in advancing thermoplastic composite technologies
The International Conference and Exhibition on Thermoplastic Composites serves as a major meeting point for professionals who are shaping the future of high-performance materials. The event highlights the growing role of thermoplastic composites in sectors where strength, durability, and weight reduction are essential. These materials are increasingly used in industries such as aerospace, automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding, and renewable energy systems.
By bringing together experts from research institutions and leading companies, the event encourages the exchange of ideas and the discussion of new technological possibilities. Participants explore how thermoplastic composites can improve production processes, reduce environmental impact, and create innovative solutions for complex engineering challenges.
ITHEC takes place every two years in the German city of Bremen and is designed exclusively for trade visitors and industry professionals. The event is organized by M3B GmbH, a company experienced in hosting international conferences and exhibitions. Their expertise ensures that the conference and exhibition provide a productive environment where innovation and professional networking can flourish.
A comprehensive conference program for professionals
One of the central elements of ITHEC is its extensive conference program. Experts from universities, research laboratories, and industrial companies deliver presentations that explore the latest scientific discoveries and technological developments in thermoplastic composite materials.
The conference typically includes keynote speeches, technical presentations, workshops, and specialized seminars. These sessions provide valuable opportunities for participants to gain deeper knowledge about the latest trends and challenges in the field.
Among the key topics often discussed during the conference are:
development of advanced thermoplastic composite materials
innovative manufacturing and processing technologies
modern design and simulation methods for composite structures
sustainable production and recycling solutions
industrial applications across aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors
Through these discussions, participants gain insights into how thermoplastic composites are evolving and how they can be integrated into future manufacturing strategies.
Exhibition showcasing cutting-edge technologies
Alongside the conference, the exhibition at ITHEC presents the newest technologies, products, and services related to thermoplastic composites. Leading companies from around the world use this platform to demonstrate their latest innovations and engineering solutions.
The exhibition allows visitors to explore advanced materials, production equipment, design tools, and specialized services that support the development of high-performance composite structures. This direct exposure to emerging technologies helps companies better understand how they can improve efficiency and competitiveness within their own operations.
Trade visitors attending the exhibition can discover practical solutions for real-world industrial challenges while also learning about new market opportunities. The exhibition space also creates a dynamic environment where engineers, manufacturers, suppliers, and investors can interact directly.
Opportunities for networking and collaboration
Another important feature of the ITHEC event is the opportunity for professionals to build valuable connections within the global composite materials community. Because the conference attracts specialists from multiple sectors of the value chain, it creates an ideal setting for establishing new partnerships and collaborative projects.
Participants often highlight several advantages of attending the event:
meeting international experts in thermoplastic composite technologies
exchanging knowledge with researchers and engineers
discovering innovative materials and production methods
identifying potential business partners and suppliers
exploring investment opportunities within the composites industry
These interactions often lead to long-term collaborations that contribute to further innovation and technological progress.
The growing importance of thermoplastic composites
The increasing interest in thermoplastic composites reflects a broader shift toward advanced materials that combine performance with sustainability. Compared with traditional materials, thermoplastic composites offer several advantages, including reduced weight, improved durability, and the ability to be recycled more efficiently.
These characteristics make them particularly attractive for industries aiming to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. For example, lighter materials in transportation can significantly reduce fuel consumption, while recyclable components support more sustainable manufacturing practices.
At ITHEC, experts explore how these materials can be further improved through new research, advanced production technologies, and digital design methods. The discussions held during the conference help shape the direction of future innovations in composite engineering.
A global platform for the future of composite materials
Although the event takes place in Bremen, its influence extends far beyond Germany. ITHEC attracts professionals from across Europe, North America, Asia, and other regions, creating an international forum where ideas and expertise are exchanged freely.
The combination of a scientific conference and a technology exhibition makes the event especially valuable. Participants not only learn about theoretical research but also see practical industrial applications of thermoplastic composites. This connection between science and industry helps accelerate the development of new materials and production technologies.
As industries continue to search for stronger, lighter, and more sustainable materials, thermoplastic composites will play an increasingly important role in future engineering solutions. The International Conference and Exhibition on Thermoplastic Composites provides a vital platform where innovation, collaboration, and technological progress come together to shape the next generation of advanced materials.
EnergyDecentral
EnergyDecentral: Leading the Charge in Decentralised Energy Innovation and Solutions
EnergyDecentral stands as one of the foremost international exhibitions in the field of energy technologies and renewable sources, with a sharp focus on decentralised energy supply. Celebrated for its comprehensive showcase of innovations, this trade fair brings together the industry’s brightest minds, cutting-edge technologies, and an array of services related to energy production, distribution, conversion, and transmission.
For years, EnergyDecentral has proven itself to be the prime platform for decentralised energy systems, demonstrating how energy from the sun, wind, biomass, and other renewable sources is becoming a credible and essential alternative to traditional energy forms. The event consistently attracts hundreds of specialist exhibitors and tens of thousands of professional visitors, making it a bustling hub for innovation and networking in the energy sector.
A Dynamic Platform for Renewable Energy and Decentralised Power Systems
EnergyDecentral is uniquely positioned to highlight the latest advances in decentralised energy production and infrastructure. Its broad exhibit space and diverse range of participants create an environment where visitors can experience firsthand the newest technologies and services essential for sustainable energy futures.
The trade fair's scope is impressive, covering every facet of decentralised energy, including:
Algae and microalgae cultivation for bioenergy
Transportation and energy storage solutions
Production and application of biogas and biomethane
Solid biofuel generation and utilization
Liquid biofuel technologies
Photovoltaics alongside solar and wind energy systems
Local energy production technology
Combined heat and power plants and fuel technology
These sectors illustrate the vast potential and ongoing transformation within the decentralised energy landscape. This wide-ranging approach ensures that attendees gain a holistic view of current industry capabilities and future trends.
Innovative Technologies and Services at EnergyDecentral
Alongside the exhibition EuroTier, the venues at Hanover become a vibrant hotspot for unveiling groundbreaking and innovative energy technologies. EnergyDecentral provides the full spectrum of products and services necessary for decentralised electricity generation and its supporting infrastructure.
Participants have access to advanced solutions such as:
Ventilation systems, exhaust air, and flue gas purification
Waste processing and recycling systems
Comprehensive safety systems
Energy distribution and storage technologies
Measurement, instrumentation, and control devices
Utilities and grid operation companies
Trade in energy materials and related services
This variety reflects the event’s commitment to fostering an integrated ecosystem where energy solutions are not only developed but also efficiently deployed and managed.
Uniting Industry Experts and Creating Opportunities
EnergyDecentral attracts a massive and diverse crowd of specialists and decision-makers, with visitor numbers consistently reflecting the fair's importance to the energy sector. Over 31,000 expert attendees flock to the exhibition, creating significant business potential and opening avenues for partnerships, knowledge sharing, and market expansion.
The event fosters a unique atmosphere where business and innovation intersect, enabling participants to:
Showcase their latest products and technologies to an engaged audience
Form meaningful collaborations with industry peers and potential clients
Exchange ideas about the future of decentralised energy systems
Stay updated on regulatory trends and market developments
Such interactions not only promote growth within individual companies but also contribute to the overall advancement of sustainable energy worldwide.
Key Areas of Focus at EnergyDecentral
The breadth of EnergyDecentral’s coverage is a testament to the complexity and diversity of the decentralised energy sector. Some of the most important focus areas include:
Algae and Microalgae Production
Energy Transport and Storage
Biogas and Biomethane Technologies
Solid and Liquid Biofuels
Solar and Wind Energy Innovations
Local Energy Generation Techniques
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
Air Purification and Exhaust Systems
Waste Management and Recycling
Energy Distribution Networks
Safety and Control Systems
Measurement and Instrumentation Technologies
Grid Operations and Energy Trading Services
This detailed framework ensures that the trade fair covers the entire chain of decentralised energy, from generation to consumption.
The Future of Decentralised Energy Starts Here
EnergyDecentral is more than just an exhibition it is a beacon for the energy transition, spotlighting how decentralised systems can complement and eventually transform the traditional energy landscape. By emphasizing renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and biomass, the event validates these as essential alternatives that deserve attention and investment.
With the energy sector continually evolving, EnergyDecentral remains the go-to event for professionals eager to lead the charge toward a more sustainable, resilient, and efficient energy future.
Thermal Management Expo Europe
Thermal Management Expo Europe – Europe’s Free Marketplace for Thermal Solutions is the go-to event for professionals seeking cutting-edge systems, components, and materials to optimize performance and efficiency across industries. As the only free exhibition in Europe dedicated solely to thermal management, it offers a unique opportunity to connect with suppliers, network with peers, and gain insights from the experts driving innovation in this critical field.
From the moment attendees step onto the exhibition floor, it becomes clear that the Thermal Management Expo Europe is designed for practical impact. Visitors can explore a wide range of thermal solutions, from advanced cooling systems to high-performance materials, all presented by leading suppliers in the sector. Whether you are designing electronics, automotive systems, industrial machinery, or renewable energy applications, the event provides solutions to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability.
Explore Innovative Thermal Management Solutions
The exhibition showcases products and technologies that address a variety of thermal challenges. Visitors can discover:
Advanced cooling systems and heat exchangers
Thermal interface materials and phase-change solutions
Fans, pumps, and fluid systems for thermal regulation
Simulation, monitoring, and control technologies
Sustainable solutions for energy-efficient thermal management
This hands-on exposure allows engineers, designers, and decision-makers to evaluate solutions, compare vendors, and identify technologies that meet their specific application requirements.
Knowledge Sharing and Expert Insights
In addition to the exhibition, Thermal Management Expo Europe features insights from thought leaders who are shaping the future of thermal management. Through presentations, seminars, and panel discussions, participants gain practical knowledge on the latest trends, emerging technologies, and best practices in the field.
Attendees benefit from:
Understanding cutting-edge materials and components for thermal optimization
Learning strategies to enhance energy efficiency and system performance
Exploring new design approaches for cooling and heating applications
Gaining insight into industry standards, regulations, and emerging trends
The educational content ensures that visitors leave with actionable knowledge they can immediately apply in their projects.
Networking Across the Thermal Industry
The expo provides unparalleled opportunities to connect with peers, suppliers, and potential collaborators. Professionals from across the supply chain including manufacturers, system integrators, and design engineers come together to share experiences, discuss challenges, and form valuable business relationships.
Networking opportunities include:
Face-to-face meetings with leading thermal solution suppliers
Peer-to-peer knowledge exchange on design and operational challenges
Collaboration opportunities for research, development, or joint projects
Access to innovative technologies before they reach the broader market
By bringing the community together in a focused and interactive environment, the event accelerates innovation and problem-solving within the industry.
Europe’s Premier Free Thermal Marketplace
Thermal Management Expo Europe is not just a showcase; it is a practical, solution-oriented platform where attendees can explore, learn, and connect all without the barrier of an entry fee. By combining high-quality exhibitors, expert knowledge sessions, and networking opportunities, it serves as a one-stop destination for anyone involved in thermal management.
For engineers, designers, procurement managers, and decision-makers seeking solutions to enhance system performance, efficiency, and reliability, Thermal Management Expo Europe provides a unique, hands-on experience that directly impacts real-world applications. It is the must-attend event for those looking to stay at the forefront of thermal innovation in Europe.
Volta-X Energy Systems Expo
Volta-X Energy Systems Expo: A Global Hub for Innovation in the Energy Sector
Exploring Innovations for the Energy Transition at Messe Stuttgart
The Volta-X Energy Systems Expo is rapidly emerging as one of the most important international platforms dedicated to the energy sector. Hosted at the renowned Messe Stuttgart, this event attracts a diverse mix of professionals from business, science, and politics, all united by a shared commitment to sustainable energy solutions. Across three days, attendees have the opportunity to engage deeply with the latest innovations that drive the energy transition — from electricity generation to heat, mobility, and industrial applications.
This expo is much more than a trade fair; it is a vibrant forum where new ideas, cutting-edge technologies, and strategic collaborations come together. The focus lies firmly on solutions that meet the complex requirements of modern energy systems while promoting sustainability and efficiency. Given the critical global need to reduce carbon footprints and transition away from fossil fuels, the Volta-X Energy Systems Expo plays a pivotal role in shaping the future energy landscape.
Key Focus Areas: Integrating Electricity, Heat, Mobility, and Industry
At the core of the Volta-X Energy Systems Expo is a comprehensive approach to energy challenges. The event showcases how innovations across various sectors intersect to create a holistic, sustainable energy ecosystem. Visitors can explore technologies and services designed for:
Electricity: Including renewable energy integration, smart grids, and energy storage solutions that stabilize supply and demand.
Heat: Advanced systems for sustainable heating and cooling, such as geothermal, solar thermal, and heat pumps.
Mobility: Electrification of transport, charging infrastructure, and alternative fuels fostering green mobility solutions.
Industrial Applications: Energy-efficient processes, waste heat recovery, and smart automation tailored for industrial energy use.
This multifaceted focus not only reflects the diversity of the energy sector but also highlights how interconnected these fields are in the real world. Practical synergies emerge between sectors, making the expo a prime environment for cross-disciplinary innovation.
Strategic Collaboration with Parallel Trade Fairs Enhances Synergies
One of the defining strengths of the Volta-X Energy Systems Expo is its strategic timing and location alongside a parallel trade fair concentrating on electrical engineering, energy, buildings, and industrial sectors. This arrangement creates a unique ecosystem where:
Exhibitors benefit from exposure to complementary industries, expanding their reach and networking opportunities.
Attendees can attend a broader range of presentations, panels, and workshops addressing integrated solutions.
Cross-sector partnerships and collaborations are fostered, accelerating the pace of innovation and implementation.
The combined presence of these events encourages dialogue between different parts of the energy value chain, enabling a more coherent approach to tackling energy challenges.
What to Expect: Exhibits, Conferences, and Networking Opportunities
Volta-X Energy Systems Expo is designed to be a comprehensive experience for all participants, combining exhibition space with conference sessions and networking events. Highlights include:
Exhibition Floor: Featuring leading companies and startups presenting state-of-the-art products and services related to sustainable energy.
Expert Conferences: Panels and keynote speeches featuring influential figures from government, academia, and industry, sharing insights on policy, technology, and market trends.
Workshops and Demonstrations: Interactive sessions that delve into specific technologies, providing hands-on experience and deeper understanding.
Networking Events: Structured and informal opportunities to connect with peers, potential partners, and decision-makers, essential for fostering business and research collaborations.
This rich program ensures that every visitor gains valuable knowledge and connections to drive their work forward in the energy transition.
Why Volta-X Energy Systems Expo Matters in Today’s Energy Landscape
In an era defined by climate urgency and evolving energy needs, the Volta-X Energy Systems Expo offers a vital platform for progress. The challenges of decarbonizing energy systems require innovation, collaboration, and a willingness to explore novel approaches. This expo embodies all three by:
Providing a marketplace for breakthrough technologies that promise cleaner, more efficient energy.
Offering a forum where policymakers and industry leaders align goals and policies with technological capabilities.
Enabling small and large enterprises alike to demonstrate their contributions to the sustainable energy ecosystem.
Moreover, the emphasis on practical applications spanning electricity, heat, mobility, and industry reflects the real-world complexity of the energy transition, making Volta-X a beacon for integrated, actionable solutions.
A Must-Attend Event for Energy Sector Stakeholders
The Volta-X Energy Systems Expo at Messe Stuttgart is more than just a trade fair; it is a critical junction where the future of energy takes shape. By focusing on innovative products, services, and solutions essential for sustainable energy practices, the event serves as an indispensable platform for business, science, and politics alike.
Participants gain insights into emerging technologies and policy directions, engage with peers from diverse sectors, and forge partnerships that can accelerate the energy transition. For anyone committed to shaping a sustainable energy future, Volta-X presents an unmatched opportunity to connect, learn, and lead.
